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Barnsley by-election, 1897
The Barnsley by-election, 1897, was a by-election held on 28 October 1897 for the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. It was notable for its role in the development of the Independent Labour Party.
==Background==
The constituency of Barnsley had been created in 1885, and was a safe seat for the Liberal Party. Since a by-election in 1889, it had been held by the Earl Compton. On 11 September 1897, Compton's father died, and he succeeded as the Marquess of Northampton, thereby forfeiting his seat in the House of Commons and necessitating a by-election. There were eleven candidates for the Liberal nomination, including William Pollard Byles, William Sproston Caine, A. E. Fletcher, George William Erskine Russell and Charles Trevelyan. Ultimately, the party nominated Joseph Walton, a County Durham-based owner of collieries and coal and coke merchants. He had stood in Doncaster in 1895, but had narrowly lost the seat.〔David Rubinstein, "(The Independent Labour Party and the Yorkshire Miners: The Barnsley By-Election of 1897 )", ''What Next?''; earlier published in ''International Review of Social History'', Vol.23, 1978.〕
At each election since its creation, the seat had been contested by both the Liberal Party and an opponent from the Conservative Party (or, on one occasion, from the Liberal Unionist Party). The Conservative's best result had come at the 1895 UK general election, where Ronald Greville had taken 40.6% of the vote. The following year, he had been elected for Bradford East, so he was not available to contest the by-election. After a struggle to find a candidate, the party selected James Blyth, a London-based captain in the Oxfordshire Light Infantry and a friend of Wakefield MP Lord Milton.〔 He had no political experience, and it was widely suspected that the party held no hope of capturing the seat.〔Carolyn Louise Baylies, ''The History of the Yorkshire Miners'', p.243〕
The Independent Labour Party (ILP) had been founded in 1893 as a socialist party, committed to securing MPs who were independent of the Liberal Party. The party stood 28 candidates at the 1895 general election, but did not win a single seat, and various by-election candidates had also performed poorly.〔 They decided to stand Pete Curran, the national organiser of the National Union of Gasworkers and General Labourers. He was a member of the Fabian Society and of the Social Democratic Federation, and had stood in Barrow in 1895, coming bottom of the poll.〔"(Curran, Peter Francis )", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''〕
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